High performance computing (HPC) is inextricably linked to innovation, fueling breakthroughs in science, engineering, and business. HPC is a tool used by leaders in diverse fields to help design new products, to improve existing products, and to bring products to market more efficiently. HPC is viewed as a cost-effective tool for speeding up the R&D process, and two-thirds of all U.S.-based companies that use HPC say that “increasing performance of computational models is a matter of competitive survival.” In this study, the U.S. Council on Competitiveness engaged Intersect360 Research to assess how government investment in HPC benefits U.S. industrial competitiveness and what areas of continued investment would provide the greatest benefit moving forward. During a six-month research period, Intersect360 Research conducted 14 in-depth interviews with forward-thinking representatives of industrial HPC-leading organizations and then gathered 101 responses to a comprehensive online survey of U.S.-based, HPC-using companies.